Ngokutyhala ukuya kumandla acocekileyo kunye nemfuno eyongeziweyo yezithuthi zombane, abavelisi bafuna iibhetri - ngakumbi iibhetri ze-lithium-ion - kunanini na ngaphambili.Imizekelo yotshintsho olukhawulezayo kwiimoto ezisebenza ngebhetri ikuyo yonke indawo: INkonzo yePosi yase-United States ibhengeze ubuncinci i-40% yeSizukulwana sayo sokuThutha iiThuthi kunye nezinye iimoto zorhwebo ziya kuba zizithuthi zombane, iAmazon iqalisile ukusebenzisa iiveni zokuhambisa iRivian kwizixeko ezingaphezu kweshumi elinesibini, kwaye iWalmart yenze isivumelwano sokuthenga iiveni zokuhambisa umbane ezingama-4,500.Nganye kwezi nguqulelo, uxinzelelo kwikhonkco lonikezelo lweebhetri luba luqilima.Eli nqaku liza kunika umboniso weshishini lebhetri ye-lithium-ion kunye nemiba yangoku yokubonelela ngokuchaphazela imveliso kunye nekamva lezi bhetri.
I. Isishwankathelo sebhetri yeLithium-Ion
Imboni yebhetri ye-lithium-ion ixhomekeke kakhulu kwimigodi yezinto eziluhlaza kunye nokuveliswa kweebhetri-zombini ezisengozini yokuphazamiseka kokubonelela.
Iibhetri ze-lithium-ion zibandakanya ngokukodwa izinto ezine eziphambili: i-cathode, i-anode, i-separator, kunye ne-electrolyte, njengoko kuboniswe kuMzobo 1. Kwinqanaba eliphezulu, i-cathode (icandelo elivelisa i-lithium ions) yenziwe nge-lithium oxide.1 I-anode (icandelo eligcina i-lithium ion) ngokuqhelekileyo lenziwe kwigraphite.I-electrolyte yindlela evumela ukuhamba ngokukhululekileyo kwe-lithium ion eyenziwe ngeetyuwa, i-solvents, kunye ne-additives.Ekugqibeleni, isahluli sisithintelo esipheleleyo phakathi kwe-cathode kunye ne-anode.
I-cathode licandelo elibalulekileyo elichaphazelekayo kweli nqaku kuba kulapho imiba yekhonkco lokubonelela inokuvela khona.Ukubunjwa kwe-cathode kuxhomekeke kakhulu ekusebenziseni ibhetri.2
Iinkalo ezifunekayo zesicelo
Oonomyayi
Iikhamera
Iilaptops zeCobalt kunye neLithium
Izixhobo zamandla
Izixhobo zonyango IManganese kunye neLithium
or
I-Nickel-Cobalt-Manganese kunye neLithium
or
Iphosphate kunye neLithium
Ukunikezelwa kokuxhaphaka kunye nokuqhubeka kweemfuno zeeselfowuni ezintsha, iikhamera, kunye neekhomputha, i-cobalt kunye ne-lithium zizona zinto zixabisekileyo kwimveliso yeebhetri ze-lithium-ion kwaye sele zijongene nokuphazamiseka kwe-chain chain namhlanje.
Kukho amanqanaba amathathu abalulekileyo ekuvelisweni kweebhetri ze-lithium-ion: (1) umgodi wezinto ezisetyenziswa ekrwada, (2) ukusulungekiswa kwezixhobo, kunye (3) nokuvelisa nokwenza iibhetri ngokwazo.Kwinqanaba ngalinye kula, kukho imiba yesixokelelwano sobonelelo ekufuneka ijongwe ngexesha lothethathethwano lwekhontrakthi kunokulinda imiba ukuba ivele ngexesha lokwenziwa kwemveliso.
II.Imiba yoBonelelo kwiShishini leBetri
A. Imveliso
I-China ngoku ilawula i-lithium-ion yokubonelela ngebhetri yehlabathi, ivelisa i-79% yazo zonke iibhetri ze-lithium-ion ezingena kwimarike yehlabathi ngo-2021.3 Ilizwe lilawula ngakumbi i-61% yokucokisa i-lithium yehlabathi yokugcina ibhetri kunye neenqwelo zombane4 kunye ne-100% yokusetyenzwa. yegraphite yendalo esetyenziselwa i-anode yebhetri.5 Isikhundla esiphezulu saseTshayina kushishino lwebhetri ye-lithium-ion kunye nezinto ezinqabileyo zomhlaba ezinxulumene nazo zibangela inkxalabo kwiinkampani kunye noorhulumente.
I-COVID-19, imfazwe yaseUkraine, kunye nezidubedube ezingenakuphepheka ze-geopolitical ziya kuqhubeka nokuchaphazela amakhonkco obonelelo lwehlabathi.Njengalo naliphi na elinye ishishini, icandelo lezamandla liye kwaye liya kuqhubeka nokuchatshazelwa zezi zinto.I-Cobalt, i-lithium, kunye ne-nickel-izinto ezibalulekileyo ekuveliseni iibhetri-zibonakaliswe kwiingozi zokubonelela ngenxa yokuba imveliso kunye nokucubungula kugxininiswe ngokwelizwe kwaye zilawulwa yimimandla ekuye kwatyholwa ukuba iphula amalungelo abasebenzi kunye namalungelo abantu.Ukufumana ulwazi olongezelelweyo, jonga inqaku lethu elimalunga noLawulo lokuPhathwa kweeNtengiso kwiXesha loMngcipheko weGeopolitical.
I-Argentina nayo ihamba phambili kwi-scramble yehlabathi jikelele ye-lithium njengoko ngoku ibala i-21% yeendawo zokugcina umhlaba ezinemigodi emibini kuphela esebenzayo. ziphembelele ngakumbi kwikhonkco lobonelelo nge-lithium, kunye nemigodi elishumi elinesithathu ecwangcisiweyo kunye neninzi enokubakho kwimisebenzi.
Amazwe aseYurophu nawo ayandisa imveliso yawo, kunye ne-European Union ilungele ukuba ngumvelisi wesibini omkhulu weebhetri ze-lithium-ion emhlabeni ngo-2025 kunye ne-11% yomthamo wemveliso yehlabathi.7
Ngaphandle kweenzame zamva nje, i-8 iUnited States ayinabo ubukho bubalulekileyo emigodini okanye ekusulungekisweni kweentsimbi zomhlaba ezinqabileyo.Ngenxa yoko, iUnited States ithembele kakhulu kwimithombo yangaphandle ukuvelisa iibhetri ze-lithium-ion.NgoJuni ka-2021, iSebe lezaMandla lase-US (i-DOE) lipapashe uphononongo lwekhonkco elikhulu lonikezelo lwebhetri kwaye landulula ukusekwa kwemveliso yasekhaya kunye nezakhono zokusetyenzwa kwezixhobo ezibalulekileyo ukuxhasa ngokupheleleyo ikhonkco lonikezelo lwebhetri lwasekhaya.9 I-DOE yagqiba ukuba amandla amaninzi ubuchwepheshe buxhomekeke kakhulu kwimithombo yangaphandle engakhuselekanga kwaye engazinzanga-idinga ukukhula kwasekhaya kweshishini lebhetri.10 Ekuphenduleni, i-DOE ikhuphe izaziso ezimbini zenjongo ngoFebruwari 2022 ukubonelela nge-2.91 yeebhiliyoni zeedola ukunyusa imveliso yase-US yeebhetri ze-lithium-ion ezibaluleke kakhulu ukukhulisa icandelo lezamandla.11 I-DOE ijonge ukuxhasa ngemali imizi-mveliso yokusulungekisa kunye nemveliso yemathiriyeli yebhetri, izibonelelo zokurisayikilisha, kunye namanye amaziko okuvelisa.
Itekhnoloji entsha iya kutshintsha kwakhona indawo yemveliso yebhetri ye-lithium-ion.I-Lilac Solutions, inkampani yaseCalifornia yokuqalisa, inikezela ngeteknoloji ekwazi ukubuyisela i-12 ukuya kuphindwe kabini i-lithium njengeendlela zendabuko.13 Ngokufanayo, i-Princeton NuEnergy yenye isiqalo esiye savelisa indlela engabizi, ezinzileyo yokwenza iibhetri ezintsha ukusuka kubadala.14 Nangona olu hlobo lwetekhnoloji entsha luya kwenza lula ibhotile yekhonkco lokubonelela, ayitshintshi into yokuba ukuveliswa kwebhetri ye-lithium-ion kuxhomekeke kakhulu ekufumanekeni kwemithombo ekrwada.Umgca wesigxina uhlala ukuba imveliso ye-lithium ekhoyo yehlabathi igxininiswe e-Chile, e-Australia, e-Argentina, nase-China. itekhnoloji yebhetri engaxhomekekanga kwiintsimbi zomhlaba ezinqabileyo.
Umzobo 2: Imithombo yeMveliso yeLithium yexesha elizayo
B. Ixabiso
Kwinqaku elahlukileyo, u-Foley's Lauren Loew uxoxe ngendlela ukunyuka kwexabiso le-lithium kubonisa ukunyuka kweemfuno zebhetri, kunye neendleko ezikhuphuka ngaphezu kwe-900% ukususela ngo-2021.16 Oku kunyuka kwexabiso kuyaqhubeka njengoko ukunyuka kwamaxabiso kuhlala kuphezulu kwixesha lonke.Ukunyuka kweendleko zeebhetri ze-lithium-ion, kunye nokunyuka kwamaxabiso, sele kubangele ukunyuka kwamaxabiso ezithuthi zombane.Ukufumana ulwazi olongezelelweyo malunga nefuthe lokunyuka kwamaxabiso kwi-chain chain, jonga inqaku lethu I-Inflation Woes: Iindlela ezine eziphambili zeeNkampani zokujongana nokunyuka kwamaxabiso kwi-Supply Chain.
Abenzi bezigqibo baya kufuna ukuqaphela impembelelo yokunyuka kwamaxabiso kwiikhontrakthi zabo ezibandakanya iibhetri ze-lithium-ion.“Kwiimarike zogcino lwamandla ezizinzileyo, njenge-US, iindleko eziphezulu zikhokelele ekubeni abanye abaphuhlisi bajonge ukuphinda baxoxisane ngamaxabiso ekhontrakthi nabakhi.Olu thethwano ngokutsha lunokuthatha ixesha kunye nokulibazisa ukugunyaziswa kweprojekthi. ”utsho uHelen Kou, umncedisi wokugcina amandla kwinkampani yophando BloombergNEF.17
C. Ezothutho/Ukutsha
Iibhetri zeLithium-ion zilawulwa njengezinto ezinobungozi phantsi kweSebe lezoThutho le-US (DOT) iMithetho yeZitho ezinobungozi yiSebe leMibhobho yezoThutho yase-US kunye noLawulo loKhuseleko lwezinto ezinobungozi (PHMSA).Ngokungafaniyo neebhetri eziqhelekileyo, iibhetri ezininzi ze-lithium-ion ziqulethe izinto ezinokutsha kwaye zinoxinano lwamandla aphezulu ngokumangalisayo.Ngenxa yoko, iibhetri ze-lithium-ion zinokutshisa kwaye zivutha phantsi kweemeko ezithile, ezifana nesiphaluka esifutshane, umonakalo womzimba, uyilo olungafanelekanga, okanye indibano.Emva kokuba ilayitiwe, i-lithium cell kunye nomlilo webhetri unokuba nzima ukucima.18 Ngenxa yoko, iinkampani kufuneka ziqaphele iingozi ezinokubakho kwaye zivavanye izilumkiso ezifanelekileyo xa zibandakanyeka kwiintengiselwano ezibandakanya iibhetri ze-lithium-ion.
Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, akukho uphando oluqinisekileyo lokumisela ukuba izithuthi zombane ziyakwazi ukutshisa ngokukhawuleza xa kuthelekiswa nezithuthi eziqhelekileyo.19 Uphando lubonisa ukuba izithuthi zombane zine-0.03% kuphela yokutshisa, xa kuthelekiswa neenjini zokutsha zendabuko kwi-1.5% ithuba lokutshisa. .20 Izithuthi zeHybrid-ezinebhetri yombane ophezulu kunye nenjini yokutsha yangaphakathi-zinethuba elikhulu lokutsha kwemoto kwi-3.4%.21
NgoFebruwari 16, 2022, inqanawa yomthwalo eyayithwele iinqwelo eziphantse zibe yi-4,000 isuka eJamani isiya eUnited States yatsha kuLwandlekazi lweAtlantiki.22 Phantse kwiiveki ezimbini kamva, inqanawa yomthwalo yazika kumbindi weAtlantiki.Nangona akukho nkcazo esemthethweni malunga nokuchithwa kwezithuthi zemveli kunye nombane ebhodini, iinqwelo zebhetri ze-lithium-ion beziya kwenza umlilo ube nzima ukucima.
III.Ukuqukumbela
Njengoko ihlabathi lisiya kumandla acocekileyo, imibuzo kunye nemiba ebandakanya ikhonkco lokubonelela iya kukhula.Le mibuzo kufuneka iphendulwe ngokukhawuleza ngaphambi kokuba kuqhutywe nayiphi na ikhontrakthi.Ukuba wena okanye inkampani yakho nibandakanyeka kwintengiselwano apho iibhetri ze-lithium-ion ziyinxalenye yezinto eziphathekayo, kukho imiqobo ebalulekileyo yobonelelo ekufuneka iqwalaselwe kwangethuba ngexesha lothethathethwano malunga nokufunwa kwezinto ezikrwada kunye nemiba yamaxabiso.Ngokubhekiselele kubukho obuncinci bezinto eziluhlaza kunye nobunzima obubandakanyekayo ekuphuhliseni imigodi ye-lithium, iinkampani kufuneka zijonge ezinye iindlela zokufumana i-lithium kunye nezinye izinto ezibalulekileyo.Iinkampani ezixhomekeke kwiibhetri ze-lithium-ion kufuneka zivavanye kwaye zityale imali kwitekhnoloji esebenzayo ngokwezoqoqosho kwaye yandise ukusebenza kunye nokuphinda kusetyenziswe ezi bhetri ukunqanda imiba yokubonelela.Kungenjalo, iinkampani zinokungena kwizivumelwano zeminyaka emininzi ze-lithium.Nangona kunjalo, xa kujongwa ukuthembela kakhulu kwiintsimbi zomhlaba ezinqabileyo ukuvelisa iibhetri ze-lithium-ion, iinkampani kufuneka ziqwalasele kakhulu ukufunyanwa kwesinyithi kunye neminye imiba enokuchaphazela imigodi kunye nokucocwa, njengemiba ye-geopolitical.
Ixesha lokuposa: Sep-24-2022